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Opposition to immigration exists in most nation-states with immigration, and has become a significant political issue in many countries.〔Joseph Chinyong Liow, "Malaysia's Approachęş to its Illegal Indonesian Migrant Labour Problem: Securitization, Politics, or Catharsis?" Paper for IDSS-FORD WORKSHOP ON NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY IN ASIA. Singapore, 3–4 September 2004.〕 Immigration in the modern sense refers to movement of people from one nation-state to another nation-state where they are not citizens. It is also important to distinguish between legal and illegal immigration in considering opposition to immigration. Illegal immigration is immigration in contravention of a nation's immigration laws. The principal concerns expressed by those opposed to immigration are the perceived effects: economic costs (job competition and burdens on education and social services); negative environmental impact from accelerated population growth; increased crime rates, decreased protection against infectious diseases and, in some cases, the distortion of national identity. There may also be a psychological component to prejudice against immigrants, with researchers showing that people are biased against immigrants partly because they find immigrants difficult to think about.〔Rubin, M., Paolini, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). A processing fluency explanation of bias against migrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 21-28. doi: (10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.006 )〕 In addition, when the immigration is illegal, opposition is focused on the economic and environmental costs and the violation of the receiving nation's law. In cases such as the United States, where illegal immigration since the 1986 amnesty has resulted in an estimated 10-20 million illegal immigrants, the issue of failure of the rule of law itself is implicated. In countries where the majority of the population is of immigrant descent, such as the United States, opposition to immigration sometimes takes the form of nativism〔John Higham, ''Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925'' (1963).〕 targeted primarily at 'first-generation' immigrants. == Major anti-immigration arguments == Critics argue that the national identity of a nation-state is reflected in claims regarding ethnicity: and that immigrants fail to assimilate into the original population, and replace its culture with their own. This argument is based on maintaining the rule of the original ethnic group. National unity arguments emphasise language use and isolation: the immigrants "isolate themselves in their own communities and refuse to learn the local language". Economic arguments concentrate on competition for employment, and the burdens that many immigrants impose on social welfare systems and public schools. For example, Denmark's strict immigration law reform has saved the country 6.7 billion euros compared to previous more permissive approach, according to The Integration Ministry April 2011 report.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Putting a Price on Foreigners: Strict Immigration Laws 'Save Denmark Billions' - SPIEGEL ONLINE )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Denmark's immigration laws save country £6 billion - Telegraph )〕 Another argument against immigration is that it may lead to a brain drain. Environmental arguments include the increased consumption of scarce resources, overpopulation and inefficiencies related to cases where immigration is to countries that are net importers of food and essential commodities. Arguments from immigrant criminality point out that crime rate tends to be higher among immigrant populations, thus high immigration could lead to increased crime - The Handbook of Crime Correlates (2009), a review of studies of correlates with crime, states that most studies on immigrants have found higher rates of crime compared to domestic population.〔Handbook of Crime Correlates; Lee Ellis, Kevin M. Beaver, John Wright; 2009; Academic Press〕 For example, the incidence of felonies among immigrants in Oslo from Kosovo, Morocco, Somalia, Iraq, Iran and Chile reached more than 2% in all these groups. In comparison, the incidence in the non-immigrant population was about 0.7%.〔http://www.ssb.no/emner/03/05/rapp_201121/rapp_201121.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「opposition to immigration」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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